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(Above photos: May Pole of May 2005 in southern Germany at Feldstetten about 50 miles southeast from Stuttgart)


Referred to by different names Beltane by the Celts, Walpurgis by the Teutons, and Floralia by the Romans, May and May Day festivals were a time of "wearing of the green." Throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the month of May was a time to celebrate renewal of life and activity. May was named for Maia, grandmother, the Goddess of death and fertility. Maia scorns marriage, so it is a good idea to put weddings off until the month of June. Although less stern goddesses now oversee May festivities in many cultures, wreaths and baskets of Hawthorn are still used in many May festivals to honor Maia.

The May-pole is the most familiar item seen in May festivities, but it has three distinct interpretations. In some cultures, the May-pole represented the world center, or alternately, the hub of the Wheel of heaven. In ancient cultures, the intricate dance of weaving cords or ribbons around the pole was a magical attempt to direct Nature, which had become topsy-turvy over the course of time (particularly the winter months), back in order. Today a dance is performed by any who wishes to participate in weaving this magic.

In many other cultures, the May-pole was the Tree of Life, or at least a symbol of it. This May tree bore strange fruit. This is where the Savior was sacrificed in order to cleanse the earth. Holy Communion, eating his flesh and drinking his blood was possibly restricted to the priest class, but symbolic May Wine (sweet woodruff simmered in white wine) was liberally drunk by the whole community. Hundreds of years later, the Christian lunar festival of Easter would replace the ancient solar festival as the time of renewal and rebirth.
The third meaning of the May-pole mostly remains today. It is the phallus, the male principle of fertilization. Female principles are represented by baskets and wreaths used in the dances around the pole. In the past, the hand-holding movements of the dances would give young couples permission to 'go into the green' together. In some regions, a Merlin, or renegade friar, would preside over the mock marriages. Even today, unwed couples consummate the mock marriages performed around the May-pole. Merry-begats, as they were called in England, were usually not acknowledged by their fathers. These babies were said to have been fathered by god.

In northwest Germany, May-poles are tall trees, cut down and stripped of bottom branches. The upper branches are decorated; the pole is then hoisted, often with the help of a crane, onto a tall post high above the villages. In southern Germany, the May-pole is a stylized structure that will usually stand for the entire year. On each of its branches is a symbol of each trade or vocation that the villagers do.

Traditional May Day is a solar festival, celebrated on May fifth, halfway between spring equinox and summer solstice. In England, Queen of the May, Maid Marian, mounted on a white horse is the central figure in the May Day celebrations. In ancient times, she would pair off with Merddin as her consort. Today, Merddin is the bearded old wizard, Merlin, and Marian's consort is Robin Hood.

Robert Graves identifies Maid Marian as the sea Goddess Marian, a virgin dressed in a blue robe, wearing a string of pearls. Sometimes referred to as Merrymaid, but more commonly known as Mermaid, she was worshipped by merriners, (now spelled mariners) who would sacrifice to her. "Mer" meaning sea, is the origin of the epithet Merry England, --Rose in the Sea.

Like the Goddess, Maid Marian is surrounded with Merry men. Little John, Will Scarlet, Friar Tuck, Robin Hood, and others form a band of thirteen. Morris Men, who perform a stylized folk dance, are commonly believed to have been imported from the near east, Moors who danced a Moorish dance. A more ancient spelling indicates that these may have been Mari's men. Mari, the Mother Goddess, fruitful, and compassionate, is usually portrayed holding an apple from the Tree of Life. She turns the Wheel of heaven, and is the mother of the Archer of Love.

Iris is also known as the mother of Love. She was the Goddess of the rainbow, which was the bridge between heaven and earth. In Greek mythology, she lured the mourning Demeter, the grain Goddess, out of her cave so that the land would become fruitful again. In Genesis, angered by Yahweh's Flood, she removed the bridge from earth to heaven so he could not receive his sacrifices. When he promised to never flood the earth again, Iris replaced the rainbow.

In Japan, Iris's rainbow bridge is called the road of the gods. May is Iris month, with Boy's Doll Day celebrated on May fifth. Young men drink Iris tea and bath in an Iris infusion to promote health and fertility. Because of the sword shaped leaf and the blossom that resembles female genitalia, the Iris is the symbol of the male and female principles united.
Celebrated for thousands of years throughout many diverse cultures, May Day could be the most ancient religious festival in the Northern Hemisphere. Ritual human sacrifice to a death and fertility goddess was certainly practiced until the 1st Century BC. As nature became less fearsome, and more cultivated, the nature goddess became less powerful and bloodthirsty. Today, we still celebrate the remnants of an ancient religion, Nature turning on the Wheel of Heaven.